Sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis
Aetiology
Chlamydia trachomatis is:
- Gram-negative–like (but lacks peptidoglycan)
- Obligate intracellular
- Cannot synthesize its own ATP (“energy parasite”)
Chlamydia has a unique biphasic life cycle:
Form | Characteristics | Role |
Elementary body (EB) | Infectious, extracellular | Transmission |
Reticulate body (RB) | Non-infectious, intracellular | Replication |
This intracellular lifecycle explains:
- Chronicity
- Subclinical infection
- Immune evasion
Pathophysiology
- Attachment of EB to columnar epithelial cells
- Endocytosis into host cell
- Transformation into RB
- Intracellular replication
- Host inflammatory response
- Cell rupture → tissue damage
Key Pathophysiologic Mechanisms
- Cell-mediated immunity
- Chronic inflammation → fibrosis
- Ascending infection in genital tract
Clinical presentation
Women
- 70-80% of women asymptomatic
Symptoms
- Dysuria
- Abnormal vaginal discharge
- Intermenstrual or postcoital bleeding
- Deep dyspareunia
- Lower abdominal pain
Signs
- Cervicitis +/- contact bleeding
- Mucopurulent endocervical discharge
- Pelvic tenderness
- Cervical excitation
Men
- 50% of men are asymptomatic
Symptoms
- Urethritis
- Dysuria
- Urethral discharge
- Epididymo-orchitis
- Testicular pain
Signs
- Epididymal tenderness
- Mucoid or clear urethral discharge
Investigations
- NAAT
- Women: vulvo-vaginal swab (first choice), endocervical swab or first catch urine sample
- Men: first catch urine sample (first choice) or urethral swab
Management
- First line - doxycycline 100mg BID for 1 week
- Second line - azithromycin 1G SD followed by 500mg daily for 2 days
- Contact tracing
Complications
- PID, ectopic pregnancy, tubal damage
- Reactive arthritis
- Conjunctivitis
- Fitz Hugh-Curtis